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Taxes, duties, levies and royalties
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Definitions

An explanation of the terms used in the applicable legislation and Revenue rulings for foreign buyers and land owners.

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Foreign person

Foreign person – individual

You are considered a foreign person if you are not an Australian citizen and not ‘ordinarily resident’ in Australia.

Ordinarily resident

Ordinarily resident means you:

  • have been in Australia for 200 or more days in the last 12 months from your liability date and
  • are not subject to any limitation on your continued presence in Australia.

The period of time includes the date of arrival or the date of departure.

Foreign person – corporations

A corporation is a foreign person if:

  • substantial interests are held by an individual not ordinarily resident, a foreign corporation or a foreign government, or
  • aggregate substantial interests are held by two or more people that are not permanent residents who ordinarily reside in Australia, a foreign corporation or a foreign government.
Foreign person – trusts

The trustee of a trust is a foreign person if:

  • substantial interests are held by a beneficiary who is an individual and is not ordinarily a resident of Australia, a foreign corporation or a foreign government
  • aggregate substantial interests are held by two or more individuals who are not ordinarily residents of Australia, a foreign corporation or a foreign government.


Trusts

Fixed trusts

Beneficiaries are liable for proportionate interests where a trust is a fixed trust for land tax purposes. However, if the beneficiary defaults, the trustee is responsible to pay the surcharge.

Special trusts

Beneficiaries are not treated as owners for special trusts and do not have to pay the surcharge unless one or more beneficiaries are foreign persons. In that case the trustee is liable for surcharge land tax on their interest in the property.

Foreign person surcharges: discretionary trusts

The trustee of a discretionary trust is considered a foreign person if any beneficiary or potential beneficiary is an individual not ordinarily resident in Australia, a foreign corporation or a foreign government.

See section104JA of the Duties Act 1997 & section 5D of the Land Tax Act 1956 for more information.


Interest

Interest

A person holds an interest in an entity if the person, alone or together with one or more associates:

  • controls a percentage of the voting power in the entity or
  • holds interests in the percentage of the issued securities in the entity or
  • would hold interests in the percentage of the issued securities in the entity if relevant options were exercised.

Interest in a trust is:

  • a beneficial interest in the income or property of the trust or
  • an interest in a unit in a unit trust.

For a discretionary trust, each beneficiary is taken to hold a beneficial interest in the maximum percentage of income or property that the trustee may distribute to that beneficiary.

Substantial interest

A person holds a substantial interest in an entity or trust if:

  • for an entity: the person holds an interest of at least 20 per cent in the entity or
  • for a trust (including a unit trust): the person, together with any one or more associates, holds a beneficial interest of at least 20 per cent of the income or property of the trust.
Aggregate substantial interest

Two or more persons hold an aggregate substantial interest in an entity or trust if:

  1. for an entity: the persons hold an interest of at least 40 per cent in the entity; or
  2. for a trust (including a unit trust): the persons, together with any one or more associates of any of them hold, in the aggregate, beneficial interests of at least 40 per cent of the income or property of the trust.


Relationships

Associate

The definition of associate includes:

  • individuals (e.g. relatives)
  • companies (e.g. substantial interest holders, holding entities, senior officers)
  • partnerships
  • trusts and super funds (e.g. substantial interest holders).
Relative

A relative of a person means:

  • the person’s spouse
  • the parent, grandparent, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, lineal descendent or adopted child of that person, or of that person’s spouse (and the spouse of any of these persons).


Property

Residential land

Residential land includes any of the following.

DescriptionDefinition
Parcel of landWhere there are one or more dwellings on the land or a parcel of land on which there is a building under construction that, when completed, will constitute one or more dwellings.
Strata lotIf it is lawfully occupied as a separate dwelling, or suitable for lawful occupation as a separate dwelling
Utility lotIf its use is restricted to the owner or occupier of a strata lot.
Land use entitlementIf it entitles the holder of the land use entitlement to occupy a building, or part of a building, as a separate dwelling eg company title and residential flats.
Parcel of vacant land Zoned or otherwise designated for use for residential or principally for residential purposes.

Residential land does not include land used for primary production that is exempt from land tax.

The surcharge applies if a building has both residential and commercial purposes. In this case, an apportionment factor is used to apportion the land value.


Company structure

Australian corporation

An Australian corporation means a corporation that is incorporated under the Corporations Act 2001.

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